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RESOURCES

Seaweed farm glossary

A glossary compiled by producers

Publications

Links to great publications

Pink Poppy Flowers
Handbook on Social License to Operate for Seaweed Cultivation

Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Handbook on Social License to Operate for Seaweed Cultivation

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Guidance note on seaweed hand harvesting

Natural Resources Wales, Guidance note on seaweed hand harvesting

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Regulatory guidance for seaweed aquaculture in England

CEFAS, Regulatory guidance for seaweed aquaculture in England

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Seaweed Scotland’s Code of Good Practice

Seaweed Scotland’s Code of Good Practice

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Seaweed Harvesting Position Statement - July 2026

DAERA NI

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Seaweed Harvesting in Northern Ireland - DAERA Code of Conduct - May 2026

DAERA NI

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Seaweed and the bioeconomy

Lacerda, LM., Kostas, Emily.T. (2025). Seaweed and the bioeconomy: enabling growth through aquaculture policy. UCL Policy Impact Unit.

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The state of the world’s seaweeds

Corrigan, S., Cottier-Cook, E.J., Lim, P.-E. & Brodie, J., 2025. The state of the world’s seaweeds. Natural History Museum, London.

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New and emerging markets report 2023

World Bank, Global seaweed: New and emerging markets report 2023

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Useful links

More about Seaweed

Farmed seaweed | WWF

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Seaweed’s Climate Superpowers: Food, Carbon, and More | WWF

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Seaweed Solutions Programme | WWF

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The Big Seaweed Search

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Regulators, policymakers and relevant government agencies
Seaweed Harvesting Code of Conduct, Natural England

England

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Marine Management Organisation

England

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Natural England

England

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The Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland

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Natural Resources Wales

Wales

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Guidance note for Seaweed Hand Harvesting

Wales

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Future Generations Wales

Wales

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Seaweed Academy

Scotland

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Seaweed Scotland (formerly Scottish Seaweed Industry Association - SSIA)

Scotland

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Scottish Association for Marine Science

Scotland

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The Crown Estate

UK Wide

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Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

UK Wide

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Social license to operate for seaweed farming in the UK

UK Wide

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Seaweed Applications
Quantifying the Potential Contribution of Saltmarshes and Seaweed Farming to Mitigating Nutrient Pollution in Norfolk - WWF UK
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European Seaweed Association Biostimulants Roadmap
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Seaweed Biostimulants: White Paper and Farmer Brief by Hatch Blue and the Nature Conservancy
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Other Science and Research Institutes
UCL Biochemical Engineering
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Marine Conservation Society
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UK Agri-Tech Centre
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Queens University Marine Laboratory
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Marine Biological Association
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British Phycological Society
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Research Papers

The influence of seeding method and water depth on the morphology and biomass yield of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) at a small-scale cultivation site in the northeast Atlantic

By Catherine M. Wilding, Kathryn E. Smith, Carly L. Daniels, Jessica Knoop & Dan A. Smale

Farmed kelp production

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Field assessment of the potential for small scale co-cultivation of seaweed and shellfish to regulate nutrients and plankton dynamics

By Cameron Walker, Sophie Corrigan, Carly Daniels, Catherine Wilding, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, Claire E. Widdicombe, Dan A. Smale, Ian G.C. Ashton, A. Ross Brown

Nutrients and plankton

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Assessing the influence of seaweed and shellfish aquaculture on benthic communities in the western English Channel

By Sophie Corrigan, Dan A. Smale, Charles R. Tyler, Carly L. Daniels, A. Ross Brown

Biodiversity

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Quantification of finfish assemblages associated with mussel and seaweed farms in southwest UK provides evidence of potential benefits to fisheries

By Sophie Corrigan, Dan A. Smale, Charles R. Tyler, A. Ross Brown

Biodiversity

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Home sweet home: Comparison of epibiont assemblages associated with cultivated and wild sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima), co-cultivated blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and farm infrastructure

By Sophie Corrigan, A. Ross Brown, Charles R. Tyler, Catherine Wilding, Carly Daniels, Ian G. C. Ashton & Dan A. Smale

Biodiversity

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Development and Diversity of Epibiont Assemblages on Cultivated Sugar Kelp (Saccharina latissima) in Relation to Farming Schedules and Harvesting Techniques

by Sophie Corrigan, Ross Brown, Charles R. Tyler, Catherine Wilding, Carly Daniels, Ian G. C. Ashton and Dan A. Smale

Biodiversity

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A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Ecosystem Service Enhancement from Seaweed Aquaculture: Limited Evidence to Support Climate and Biodiversity Gains

By Hayley Swanlund, Michael T. Burrows, Jeffrey Fedenko, Alasdair O’Dell, Adam D. Hughes

Biodiversity

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Can the Emerging European Seaweed Industry Contribute to Climate Change Mitigation by Enhancing Carbon Sequestration?

By Maxine C. Canvin, Ana R. Borrero-Santiago, Tom Brook, Mollie Gupta, Jessica Knoop, Georgina Menage, Pippa J. Moore, Nessa E. O'Connor, Aurora M. Ricart, Dan A. Smale

Carbon

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Determining the contribution of temperate seaweed farming to local sedimentary carbon stocks and climate change mitigation

By Maxine C. Canvin, Nathan G. King, Pippa J. Moore, Dan A. Smale

Carbon

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Quantifying growth, erosion and dislodgement rates of farmed kelp (Saccharina latissima) to examine the carbon sequestration potential of temperate seaweed farming

By Maxine C. Canvin, Pippa J. Moore & Dan A. Smale

Carbon

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